Soles for sport shoes

ABSTRACT

The present invention generally relates to soles in particular midsoles for sports shoes. According to an aspect, an additively manufactured sole is provided. The sole comprises a lattice structure, the lattice structure comprising a plurality of cell elements. The sole further comprises a heel element, three-dimensionally encompassing the heel. Moreover, the sole comprises a base portion interconnecting the heel element and the lattice structure, wherein the base portion has an extension arranged to connect to a plurality of adjacent cell elements, wherein the plurality of adjacent cell elements is not positioned along an edge of the lattice structure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/195,694, filed Jun. 28, 2016, which application claims priority toGerman application 10 2015 212 099.6, filed Jun. 29, 2015, whichapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to soles, in particular midsoles, forsports shoes and other types of shoes.

Background Art

Soles of shoes typically fulfill a variety of different functionalities.For example, soles can provide the foot with traction, and protect thefoot from sharp objects, etc. An important functionality of soles isalso to cushion the foot while at the same time a sufficient level ofstability is provided.

Various sole designs and materials have been developed to specificallyoptimize soles in view of the mentioned functionalities. A commonmaterial used for soles in order to provide a compromise betweencushioning and stability of the foot has, for example, been foamedethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA). More recently, the use of expandedthermoplastic polyurethane has been shown to overcome some of thedrawbacks associated with EVA.

Further, additive manufacturing techniques have been used for designingparts of shoes. Generally, additive manufacturing methods allowfabricating essentially arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional objectswithout the need for a mold. Instead, the objects may be manufacturedlayer by layer e.g. from liquid material, or from a powder material.Exemplary techniques are for example, selective laser sintering,selective laser melting, selective heat sintering, stereo lithography,fused deposition modeling etc., or 3D-printing in general. Variousadditive manufacturing techniques related to shoes are described forexample in US 2009/0126225, WO 2010/126708, US 2014/0300676, US2014/0300675, US 2014/0299009, US 2014/0026773, US 2014/0029030, WO2014/008331, WO 2014/015037, US 2014/0020191, EP 2 564 719, EP 2 424 398and US 2012/0117825. Specifically, regarding soles, WO 2014/100462 forexample discloses a midsole formed as a web-like structure with aplurality of elongate elements, which may provide areas of increased ordecreased support, cushioning and/or stability in different regions ofthe midsole. US 2014/0259787 discloses a shoe including an upper and asole coupled to the upper. The sole includes an insole, a midsole, andan outsole. The midsole includes a platform and a lattice integrallyformed with the platform.

However, the known soles made by additive manufacturing have severaldeficiencies regarding the functional properties of the shoe sole. Forexample concerning stability, the known soles are hardly able to meetthe requirements for soles for sports shoes, in particular for highperformance sports shoes. The high-impact, cyclic loading to whichsports shoes are exposed to is critical to the material behavior of e.g.laser sintered materials or other materials used in additivemanufacturing. Moreover, very complex geometric structures are needed inorder to vary the mechanical properties, and still the properties oftencould only be varied within a quite limited range.

It may therefore be considered as an object of the present invention toovercome or alleviate at least some of the deficiencies associated withknown additively manufactured soles.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present invention, this object is at leastpartly achieved by a sole, in particular a midsole, according to claim1, according to claim 5, and according to claim 12.

In an example, an additively manufactured sole, in particular midsole,for a sports shoe is provided. The sole comprises a lattice structure,the lattice structure comprising a plurality of cell elements. The solemay further comprise a heel element, three-dimensionally encompassingthe heel. Moreover, the sole may comprise a base portion interconnectingthe heel element and the lattice structure, wherein the base portion hasan extension arranged to connect to a plurality of adjacent cellelements, wherein the plurality of adjacent cell elements is notpositioned along an edge of the lattice structure. It is understood thatthe lattice structure, the heel element and the base portion may beintegrally manufactured.

The additively manufactured lattice structure may be elastic and/orviscoelastic and provide the sole with cushioning. At the same time, theheel element provides the foot with ankle support and prevents it fromsliding within the shoe and/or from twisting such that a stable solesuitable for high performance sports shoes, e.g. running shoes, can beprovided.

The stability of the sole may in particular be provided by the baseportion interconnecting the heel element and the lattice structure,wherein the base portion has an extension arranged to connect to aplurality of adjacent cell elements, which are not positioned along anedge of the lattice structure. Hence, the heel element is interconnectedwith the lattice structure not e.g. via a single line of cell elementsof the lattice structure along the rear edge of the lattice structurebut rather the interconnection includes adjacent cell elements that mayfor example be arranged at a top surface of the lattice structure.

The fact that the heel element is (also) connected to the latticestructure via a plurality of adjacent cell elements not positioned alongan edge of the lattice may significantly improve the transfer oflateral/medial forces and torques at the lateral and medial sides of thesole. Forces and torques may be transferred to the lattice structure viaan interface with cell elements effectively arranged in two dimensions.Similarly, it may improve the transfer of forward/backward forces at therear side of the sole via the heel element. In addition, the forcesbetween the heel element and the lattice structure can be transferredvia a larger number of cell elements such that the force per cellelement, and therefore the risk of breaking, is reduced. Hence, the heelelement can transfer larger forces due to the specific connection to thelattice structure. In some examples, the base portion may connect to atleast three, at least five, at least ten, or at least 20 adjacent cellelements not positioned along an edge of the lattice structure.

It is understood that the extension of the base portion may be arrangedto connect also to a plurality of adjacent cell elements, which arepositioned along an edge of the lattice structure. In some examples, thelattice structure may e.g. comprise a first row of cells, which arearranged at an edge, and a second, third, fourth etc. row of cells whichare not arranged at that edge, but which are arranged adjacent to thefirst, second, third etc. row of cells, respectively, for example on thetop surface or a side surface of the overall lattice structure. The baseportion may have an extension arranged to connect to a plurality ofadjacent cell elements positioned in the first and second row, andpossibly also in the third, or up to the fourth, fifth etc. row ofcells.

The lattice structure may offer a multitude of different design optionssuch that the mechanical properties provided by the sole may be tailoredas needed, e.g. the stiffness (including for example compressivestrength, shear strength and/or bending strength and/or torsionalstiffness), the density, the weight, the cushioning, the energy returnetc. Moreover, the lattice structure may be customized as it may befabricated by additive manufacturing methods, which do not require amold. Hence, customized soles may be provided with short lead times. Forexample, the sole may be customized regarding the width and/or length ofthe foot, the weight of the wearer, his/her preferences regarding atight/lose fit, and/or the type of shoe the sole is intended to be usedwith etc. Moreover, the integral manufacturing of the midsole usingadditive manufacturing makes the assembly of separate elements of themidsole unnecessary. Similarly, the additively manufactured midsole maybe fabricated from single material, which may facilitate easy recyclingof the midsole. It is noted that the heel element may bethree-dimensionally shaped.

In some examples, a physical property, in particular a density and/or astiffness and/or an air permeability, of the lattice structure maydecrease from a rim of the sole towards a center of the sole. Forexample, the sole may be provided with a higher density and/or stiffnessand/or a lower air-permeability around a circumference, which may assistin providing stability along the circumference of the foot, whereastowards the center of the sole, e.g. more and more cushioning isprovided to provide a nice wearing comfort.

It is possible that the lattice structure comprises a plurality ofstruts forming the plurality of cell elements. Moreover, one or morecell elements may alternatively or additionally comprise furtherelements, e.g. an optional nucleus. The physical properties of thelattice structure may be adjusted by the thickness of struts of thelattice structure for example. Further, it is possible to adjust thephysical properties by using cell elements with higher or lower density.Therein, for example, one or more individual cell elements may havehigher or lower density (e.g. by varying a thickness of one or morestruts of a cell element, and/or by varying a dimension of the optionalnucleus), and/or cell elements may be arranged at smaller or largerdistance with respect to each other.

In some examples, a geometry of the cell elements may be approximatelyconstant along a thickness of the sole. For example, the geometricdesign (e.g., cubic, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, etc.), and/or at leastone dimension of cell elements (e.g., a lateral, a longitudinal, and/ora vertical dimension), and/or a strut thickness, and/or a spacingbetween adjacent cell elements may be approximately constant. This mayimprove the provision of homogenous properties of the sole along itsthickness and may improve the longevity of the lattice structure due toa homogenous force distribution within the lattice structure. In someexamples, a geometry of the cell elements may be approximately constantin the entire lattice structure.

According to a further example, the lattice structure comprises aprotective layer on its periphery. Such a protective layer could becreated on the medial and/or lateral and/or toe and/or heal area sidesurfaces of the lattice structure, e.g. around a circumference of thelattice structure. Moreover, the protective layer could be created in amedial region and/or lateral region and/or heel region and/or toe regionof the lattice structure. The protective layer could be a film or foilor the like, which may be integrally manufactured with the latticestructure. The protective layer may be transparent.

According to a further example, the lattice structure, the heel elementand/or the base portion may be manufactured from the same class ofmaterial, in particular from polyether block amide (PEBA) or fromthermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This may allow a particularlyefficient manufacturing of the sole and/or facilitate recycling of thesole. Alternatively the components may also be manufactured frompolyolefins, for example polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and/orpolypropylene (PP). In principle, it is possible to use an arbitrarymixture of different materials (from different classes of materials orfrom the same class of materials with slightly different properties) fora single lattice structure. Thus, already by combining differentmaterials, possibly using different materials for different zones and/orregions, an arbitrary number of different functional zones may beprovided.

The mentioned materials may also be recycled materials, which could befor example reclaimed polymer material, e.g. reclaimed from an ocean,especially from maritime waste. Reclaimed polymer material could be anyplastic material, for example TPU, PEBA, PE, PS, PP etc. The latticestructure may be printed by using a mixture of new/virgin materials andreclaimed materials, whereby the percentage of each component can vary.In some examples, more than 50%, or more than 90% reclaimed material maybe used.

By additively manufacturing, e.g. printing, the lattice structure it ispossible to create different zones of the structure in different colors.Further individualization elements may directly printed in the latticestructure. Such elements could be for example names, designs or numbers.

It is possible that the lattice structure, the heel element, the baseportion and/or other components are e.g. printed by using one or morematerials combined to fulfil multiple performance needs in one or moresingle component. Several components can be directly connected to eachother via additively manufacturing, e.g. printing. So there is no needfor bonding, e.g. via adhesives, the components to each other.

Outsole and/or outsole components may directly be printed on the bottomside of the lattice structure. The outsole and/or outsole componentscould be printed from the same class of material as the latticestructure. In some examples, the material used for the outsole couldcomprise different properties than the material of the latticestructure. It is also possible that a different material is used forprinting the outsole as is used for printing the lattice structure.Irrespective of the materials used, the outsole and the latticestructure may be printed in one manufacturing process. No bonding, e.g.via adhesives, may be necessary.

According to a further example, an additively manufactured sole, inparticular midsole, for a sports shoe is provided. The sole comprises alattice structure, the lattice structure comprising a plurality of cellsites. A majority of the cell sites may comprise interconnected cellelements. A subset of the cell sites comprises cell elements with fewerconnections to at least one adjacent cell site than the majority of thecell sites and/or with a cell vacancy. For example, at a cell site ofthe subset, a cell element may be missing at least partly (cellvacancy). Additionally or alternatively, at a cell site of the subset,for example, an “irregular” cell element may be provided, which hasfewer connections to at least one adjacent cell site than the majorityof the cell sites (one or more cell disconnections). The underlyingconcept may be regarded as introducing deliberate cell disconnections(e.g. between adjacent cell elements) and/or cell vacancies (e.g. atleast partly missing cell elements) into the lattice structure atspecific cell sites.

Cell sites are understood as locations, e.g. volume elements, at whichgenerally cell elements may be provided. For example, the plurality ofcell sites may form a three-dimensional array of volume elements. Forexample, the plurality of cell sites may be regularly arranged. Also,the majority of cell elements may be regularly arranged within theplurality of cell sites. However, at individual cell sites, cellelements may also be omitted, at least in part, such that a cell vacancyis created at each of these cell sites.

Generally, a cell element may comprise a nucleus. The nuclei of adjacentcell elements may be connected to each other via one or more connectingelements, e.g. via one or more struts. It is noted that a cell elementmay also be formed by a plurality of struts, which may e.g. cross eachother at one or more positions, such that a nucleus may be formed by oneor more of these crossings. The remainder of the struts, e.g. thoseportions of the struts outside of the nucleus, may then serve asconnecting elements to adjacent cell elements. At least a part of anucleus of a cell element may be omitted, such that a cell vacancy maybe formed by means of that cell element. Similarly, at least a part ofone or more connecting elements, e.g. at least a part of a strut, of acell element may be omitted, such that cell elements with fewerconnections to at least one adjacent cell site than the majority of thecell sites may be formed by means of that cell element. It is noted thata cell vacancy may also be created at a cell site by providing no cellelement at all at that cell site.

By means of having a subset of cell sites with fewer connections toadjacent cell elements or with a cell vacancy, the mechanical propertiesof the lattice structure may be varied on a very fine grained level—forexample cell element by cell element—and at the same time very littlecomplexity is added to the structure. For example, the physicalproperties of the lattice, e.g. its stiffness, density and/or airpermeability, may thus be varied without having to change the overalllattice geometry or the lattice material. The same cell element sizeand/or cell site size and/or cell element design and/or the samematerial may be used throughout the lattice structure (or at leastthroughout certain regions of the lattice structure). This may greatlysimplify the manufacturing, increase the yields, and at the same timeallow for a regular optical appearance of the lattice structure. Theproperties of the lattice structure may simply be varied by means of thedisconnections and/or vacancies at the cell sites belonging to thesubset. For example, an overall stiffness/cushioning/air-permeabilityetc. may be provided by cell sites which do not belong to the subset andwhich may have a certain fixed number of interconnections with theirrespective adjacent cell sites. The cell sites of the subset may beplaced in one or more regions of the lattice structure, such that thestiffness, cushioning and/or air-permeability may be altered in theseregions. By placing a cell site of the subset at a certain position, thephysical properties of the lattice structure may specifically varied atthat cell site. On the other hand, also the bulk properties of a certainregion may be altered, e.g. by varying the number of cell sitesbelonging to the subset within that region. In some examples, the cellsites of the subset may be regularly arranged at least within a regionor zone.

It is noted that the majority of cell sites (at least the majoritywithin a certain region of the lattice structure) may comprise cellelements with a fixed number of connections to adjacent cell sites. Itmay also be possible that the majority of cell sites comprises cellelements with varying numbers of connections. In that case, the cellsites of the subset may comprise fewer connections to at least oneadjacent cell than—on average—the cell elements of the majority of cellsites.

At least one of the cell sites of the subset may be arranged at asurface of the lattice structure, in particular at an edge of thelattice structure. It has turned out, for example, that by placing acell site of the subset at a surface, in particular an edge, of thelattice structure, also the strains within the lattice structure whichare due to a bending or a shearing of the sole and which may lead to abreakage of the lattice structure may be reduced. Hence, the latticestructure may be more durable.

At least one of the cell sites of the subset may be arranged in a heelregion of the sole. This may allow an adaptation of the solespecifically to the large forces and strains occurring in that region.

At least one but not more than 30 (e.g., at least one but not more than15 or 10) cell sites that are not part of the subset (e.g. that are partof the majority) may be arranged in between two closest cell sites ofthe subset. This mix of cell sites of the subset and cell sites, whichare not part of the subset, has turned out to provide maximum impact onthe physical properties of the lattice structure without compromisingthe overall integrity and stability of the lattice structure.

The sole may further comprise one or more additively manufacturedstability elements, in particular one or more side stability elementsand/or one or more torsional stability elements. These additionalelements may further increase the stability provided by the additivelymanufactured sole. For example, the stability elements may be providedas solid elements, e.g. struts, bars, stripes etc. These additionalelements may be integrally fabricated with the sole.

The sole may at least partly be fabricated by means of laser sintering,e.g. selective laser sintering. This may allow a particularly flexibleand cost-efficient manufacturing and at the same time may providedurable soles. In other examples, also other additive manufacturingmethods may be used, e.g. selective laser melting, selective heatsintering, stereo lithography, fused deposition modeling etc., or3D-printing in general.

The sole may comprise a polymer material, in particular a reclaimedpolymer material, for example reclaimed from an ocean. Polymer materialmay readily be used for additive manufacturing such that soles may beefficiently manufactured. For example, PEBA and/or TPU may be used.Moreover, it has turned out that also reclaimed polymer material, forexample reclaimed from an ocean may be used to provide high qualitysoles according to the present invention. The soles may thus be providedin an environmentally friendly manner. For example, polymer materialavailable from the initiative “Parley for the Oceans” may be used forthat matter. In some examples, the sole may be fabricated essentiallyentirely from said materials. The sole may be printed by using a mixtureof new/virgin materials and reclaimed materials, whereby the percentageof each component can vary. In some examples, more than 50%, or morethan 90% reclaimed material may be used.

In a still further example, an additively manufactured sole, inparticular midsole, for a sports shoe is provided. The sole comprises alattice structure, which comprises a plurality of interconnected cellelements. The plurality of interconnected cell elements are regularlyarranged. The lattice structure may further comprise at least one cellvacancy arranged in between two or more of the plurality ofinterconnected cell elements (e.g., a cell element which should bepresent at a certain location according to the regular arrangement ofthe plurality of interconnected cell elements is at least partlymissing). Additionally or alternatively, the lattice structure mayfurther comprise two or more irregular cell elements, which have fewerconnections to at least one adjacent cell element than each of theplurality of regularly arranged interconnected cell elements.

According to a still further example, a sole, in particular midsole, fora sports shoe, is provided. The sole comprises an additivelymanufactured lattice structure. The sole may further comprise afunctional element that is manufactured separately from the latticestructure. The lattice structure and/or the functional element comprisesat least one receptacle. The functional element and the latticestructure are mechanically attached to each other via the at least onereceptacle. For example, if the lattice structure comprises areceptacle, the functional element may be mechanically attached to thereceptacle.

The mechanical attachment of the functional element by means of areceptacle allows providing a sole with different components withoutusing any adhesive and/or glue. In some examples, the at least onefunctional element is attached to the at least one receptacle withoutany glue and/or without any adhesive. Hence, potentially hazardoussubstances may be avoided. Moreover, providing a sole that is made froma single class of materials may be facilitated such that the sole may bemore easily recycled. In addition, possible curing times of adhesivesduring manufacturing may be avoided. Instead, the additivelymanufactured lattice structure is provided with a receptacle that may beadapted to provide a durable mechanical attachment of the functionalelement. The one or more receptacle may be adapted such that the solemay also be used without having a connected functional element such thatone or more functional elements may be connected to the sole only ifneeded. For example, a reinforcing element may be attached duringcross-country running whereas the sole may be used without such anelement when running on an athletic track. Further, functional elementsmay be implemented as one or more of lace loops, heel elements, lateralsupport elements etc.

By means of the mechanically attached functional element, two separatelyfabricated components may be easily joined, without chemicals, in asimple and durable, and optionally releasable manner. Hence, e.g. adedicated stabilizing element may be attached to the lattice structureto selectively increase its stability, which may not easily be possiblewith an integrally fabricated stabilizing element. One or morefunctional elements may connected by means of one or more receptacles asdescribed above to any of the soles described herein.

In particular, the receptacle may comprise a snap-fit and/or asnap-fasten element. Hence, the one or more functional element may besnap-fitted and/or snap-fastened to the lattice structure. This may bedone e.g. at the manufacturer. However, it may also be performed by thecustomer who may connect one or more functional elements according tohis personal taste/physiognomy and/or according to the specific intendeduse of the shoe to the one or more receptacle.

Moreover, a receptacle may comprise a joint around which a flap elementmay be rotated. In an attached positon (i.e. functional element andlattice structure being attached to each other), the flap element, inparticular a surface of the flap element, faces the lattice structure ofthe midsole. The mentioned one or more snap-fit or snap-fasten elementsmay be arranged on the flap element, in particular that surface facingthe lattice structure of the midsole. These may snap into one or morecorresponding snap-fit or snap fasten elements that may be arranged at asurface of the lattice structure of the midsole facing the flap elementin the attached position. The flap element may also be connected to thelattice structure of the midsole without a joint.

It is noted that generally, an additively manufactured functionalelement for a sole, in particular for a midsole, for a sports shoe maybe provided. The functional element may comprise at least onereceptacle. The at least one receptacle may be adapted for attaching thefunctional element to the sole mechanically.

The lattice structure may comprise at least one moveable element. The atleast one moveable element may be integrally manufactured with thelattice structure. It may be a functional element. A moveable elementmay be manipulated to alter a property of the sole, like breathabilityor stability for example. Hence, performance needs may be fulfilled orenhanced. A moveable element may for example be arranged at the bottomof the lattice structure. A moveable element could be an opening, e.g.for venting, with an adjustable size. For example, a slideablecomponent, e.g. a lever, could be provided which enables a wearer toadjust a size of the opening and thus a breathability provided by thesole. A movable element could also be designed as a locking mechanism toattach the sole to an upper. A moveable element may be moved from afirst position into a second position. First and second positions may befixed.

The lattice structure may comprise a polymer material, in particular areclaimed polymer material, for example reclaimed from an ocean. Forexample, polymer material may readily be used for additive manufacturingsuch that the lattice structure may be efficiently manufactured. Asexamples, e.g. polyether block amide (PEBA) and/or thermoplasticpolyurethane (TPU) may be used. Moreover, it has turned out that alsoreclaimed polymer material, for example reclaimed from an ocean may beused to provide lattice structures that meet the requirements in termsof stability and cushioning for high quality sports shoes. The latticestructures may thus be provided in an environmentally friendly manner.In some examples, the lattice structure may be fabricated essentiallyentirely from said materials.

The lattice structure may comprise a plurality of lattice layers. Eachlattice layer may comprise a plurality of cell elements. For example,three or more lattice layers may be provided. By using a plurality oflattice layers, a large amount of cushioning may be provided. Inparticular, the lattice layers may be elastically deformable relative toeach other such that the distance between respective two lattice layersmay vary as a function of the pressure applied on the lattice structure.For example, the lattice structure may comprise a plurality ofessentially horizontal lattice layers that may at least partly bestacked on top of each other. The multi-layer lattice structure may alsocontribute to providing stability with a relatively low weight of thelattice structure.

The lattice structure may comprise at least two regions that havedifferent physical properties, in particular different densities,different stiffness, and/or different air permeability etc.

The lattice structure may be adapted to extend essentially across theentire foot. Hence, the lattice structure may be used to provide acertain degree of cushioning/ stiffness/air-permeability below theentire foot of the respective wearer.

The lattice structure may comprise at least one cell element shaped as adodecahedron, in particular a rhombic dodecahedron. These cell elementdesigns have turned out to provide lattice structures with goodstability and cushioning properties and at the same time longevity. Thismay be attributed to the number of 12 faces of a dodecahedron, whichallow a smooth force distribution amongst adjacent cell elements but atthe same time still allows connections among adjacent cell elements,which are not too miniaturized. Moreover, a rhombic implementation ofthe dodecahedron design may further contribute to this property. Forexample, a cell element may comprise eight interconnections to adjacentcells.

The lattice structure may comprise at least one fluid channel extendingfrom a top surface of the lattice structure to a bottom and/or a sidesurface of the lattice structure. More generally, the fluid channel mayextend from any top, bottom or side surface to any of top, bottom orside surfaces. In particular, it may also extend from a first portion ofa surface (e.g. in a toe region) to a second portion of that surface(e.g. in a heel region). Such a fluid channel may be used to guide afluid between the top and bottom and/or side surfaces of the latticestructure. For example, an airflow may be guided that way. The fluidchannel may be adapted such that the inflow of air is promoted, e.g. atthe bottom surface and/or the side surface for the lattice structure.Thus, a sole may be provided with improved venting properties. Thelattice structure may enable airflow from the medial to the lateralside, from heel to toe region and/or from the upper to the outsole.There breathability may be guaranteed in all possible directions toprovide a perfectly ventilated shoe.

The lattice structure may comprise at least two cell elements withdifferent geometry. For example, a first geometric design, e.g. cellelements designed as rhombic dodecahedrons, may be combined with othergeometric designs (e.g., pentagonal dodecahedrons, cubes, cuboids,prisms, parallelepipeds, etc.). Also at least two cell elements withdifferent dimensions may be used and/or a spacing between cell elementsmay differ between the first region and the second region.

The sole may comprise a solid rim element additively manufactured withthe lattice structure, wherein the solid rim element circulates along arim of the lattice structure. The solid rim element may further increasethe stability of the lattice structure.

The solid rim element may comprise one or more perforations to create atransition between the solid rim element and the lattice structure. Theperforations could be designed as holes cut into rim. The perforationsmay be integrally manufactured with the lattice structure. Theperforations may be negatives of lattice structure. Further, the widthand the thickness/height of the solid rim element can vary in differentzones or regions. The solid rim element may serve as a bonding margin,and by e.g. varying the width of the solid rim element, the bondingmargin for attaching the upper to the lattice structure may be adjusted.

The lattice structure may comprise a first region with a first pluralityof cell elements having a first geometry and a second region with asecond plurality of cell elements having a second geometry. For example,the geometric designs of the regions may be adapted to the specificrequirements of that region. For example, a less dense cell elementgeometry (e.g., cubic) may be used in a region with reduced densityand/or stiffness requirements. Additionally or alternatively, also oneor more dimensions of the cell elements of the first plurality maydiffer from that of the second plurality. Moreover, a spacing betweencell elements may differ between the first region and the second region.

According to a further example, a shoe with an upper and a soleaccording to any of the examples described herein may be provided.

An intermediate layer between midsole and upper may be provided. Such anintermediate layer could be made of an open structure material, forexample an open structure textile material. The textile material couldbe a knit textile, e.g. a warp knit or a weft knit. For example, theweft knit could be flat knitted or circular knitted. For example, thewarp knit can be an engineered knit. Besides knit textiles, woven,non-woven, braided and/or other yarn-based fabric materials may be usedand/or all types of open cell meshes. In principle it is possible thatthe intermediate layer is attached, e.g. stitched, to the upper viaStrobel lasting.

Alternatively, the sole and the upper may be directly connected to eachother without an intermediate Strobel last. For example, the latticestructure of the sole may be adapted to provide a nice wearing comfortwhen contacting the foot of the wearer. Hence, an intermediate Strobellast and/or other intermediate layers may be avoided. As a result, alighter and more cost-efficient shoe may be provided.

If the sole has a solid rim element, the upper may be connected to thesolid rim element. In other words, the upper may be connected to thesole via the solid rim element. For example, the upper may be glued,stitched, thermally bonded etc. to the solid rim element. The upper mayalso be connected to the sole via infrared (IR) welding.

The upper may comprise a polymer material, in particular a reclaimedpolymer material, for example reclaimed from an ocean. For example, theupper may comprise a yarn that includes the polymer material. It hasturned out that such yarns may be used to provide high-quality shoes.Moreover, using a reclaimed polymer material allows providing moreenvironmentally friendly shoes. For example, polymer material availablefrom the initiative “Parley for the Oceans” may be used for that matter.In particular, the shoe may therefore comprise a midsole which comprisesor is essentially entirely made of reclaimed polymer material, forexample reclaimed from an ocean as well as and an upper that comprisesreclaimed polymer material, e.g. a yarn that includes the polymermaterial.

The upper may be fabricated using tailored fiber placement with a yarnthat comprises polymer material, e.g. reclaimed polymer material, forexample reclaimed from an ocean. Concerning further details with respectto tailored fiber placement, reference is made to co-pending applicationDE 10 2015 205 750.8 that is incorporated by reference. It is possiblethat not just the fibers themselves comprise or are made from reclaimedmaterial. In principle it is also possible that a base layer, asdescribed in DE 10 2015 205 750.8 comprises reclaimed material as well.The upper may also be made of a mixture of new material and reclaimedmaterial. In some examples, more than 50%, or more than 90% reclaimedmaterial may be used.

The upper and the sole may comprise the same class of material, inparticular TPU or PEBA. Thus, recycling of the shoe may be facilitated.

For collecting the reclaimed polymer material mentioned above from theocean, a net, e.g. a fishing net, may be used. Also the net may be usedfor manufacturing the mentioned soles and/or uppers, which may bemanufactured by using the reclaimed material. For example the net couldcomprise nylon or the like, which could be incorporated into the finalproduct, e.g. the sole and/or the upper, just as the reclaimed polymermaterial. Accordingly, a method may be provided for manufacturing a soleand/or an upper. The method may include the step of reclaiming a polymermaterial from an ocean using a net. A further step may be to use thereclaimed polymer material as well as the material of the net as basematerial for the sole and/or the upper. In some examples, more than 50%,or more than 90% reclaimed material and net material may be used as abase material.

It is noted that the features indicated above and described furtherbelow may also be combined with each other, although—for the sake ofbrevity—not all possible combinations may be explicitly describedherein. Moreover, it is noted that the features that are not mandatorilyrequired for the functioning of the aforementioned examples may also beomitted. Finally, it is noted that the disclosed aspects may also beused for other sports equipment than sports shoes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

Possible embodiments of the present invention will be further describedin the following detailed description with reference to the followingFigures:

FIGS. 1A-C show aspects of a midsole according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 2A-D show aspects of a midsole according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3A-B show aspects of a midsole according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4 shows aspects of a lattice structure for a midsole according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows aspects for a separately additively manufactured latticestructure with a receptacle according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 6A-D show aspects for a separately fabricated functional elementthat may be attached to a lattice structure according to someembodiments;

FIGS. 7A-B show aspects of a midsole with one or more moveable elementsaccordingly to some embodiments;

FIG. 8 show aspects for a lattice structure accordingly to someembodiments; and

FIG. 9 shows aspects for a sole with various regions accordingly to someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It should be noted that in the following, only some possible examples ofthe present invention can be described in detail with reference tomidsoles. The person skilled in the art readily recognizes that thespecific details described with reference to these specific examples maybe altered, developed further, combined in a different manner and thatcertain aspects of the specific examples described in the following mayalso be omitted. Moreover, it is noted that various aspects described inthe subsequent detailed description may be combined with aspectsdescribed in the above summary section.

FIGS. 1A-C show perspective, rear and side views of a first embodimentof a midsole 100 according to the present invention. The midsole 100comprises a lattice structure 110 having a plurality of cell elements191, a heel element 120, which three-dimensionally encompasses the heel,and a base portion 130 interconnecting heel element 120 and latticestructure 110. Base portion 130 has an extension arranged to connect toa plurality of adjacent cell elements 191. The plurality of cellelements 191 includes a first plurality of adjacent cell elements 191positioned along an edge of the lattice structure 110, as well as asecond plurality of adjacent cell elements 191 not positioned along theedge of the lattice structure 110. The first and second pluralities ofadjacent cell elements 191 are arranged adjacent to each other. Sincebase portion 130 is connected to a plurality of adjacent cell elements191 not positioned at the edge of lattice structure 110 (in addition tothe plurality of adjacent cell elements 191 positioned at the edge oflattice structure 110), forces and torques may be transferred to thelattice structure via an interface with cell elements 191 effectivelyarranged in two dimensions. This not only improves the transfer offorces and torques such that heel element 120 is able to provideincreased stability. It also reduces the forces and torques that need tobe transferred per cell element 191. Hence, the individual cell elements191 are less susceptible to breaking.

Lattice structure 110 comprises a plurality of cell sites. A majority orall of the cell sites may be regularly arranged. A majority or all ofthe cell sites may comprise essentially identical cell elements 191.Alternatively, different cell elements 191 and/or a different cell sitearrangement may be provided in different regions of lattice structure110. Thus, different mechanical properties may be provided by latticestructure 110 in different regions.

Heel element 120 may be three-dimensionally shaped such that it can beadapted to the heel of a wearer and/or the expected force profile. Inparticular, the heel element 120 may be tapered, as e.g. shown in FIG.1A. Heel element 120 may become thicker from a top side of the heelelement 120 towards the base portion 130 connecting it to the latticestructure 110.

Moreover, as illustrated in the example of FIG. 1B, heel element 120 mayalso be shaped with a specific pattern around the circumference of theheel. Heel element 120 may comprise two elevated portions 121 and 122,which are arranged at the lateral and medial sides of the heel,respectively. Moreover, heel element 120 may comprise a lower portion123 arranged at a rear side of the heel. The combination of elevatedportions 121 and 122 at lateral and medial sides with lower portion 123at the rear side of the heel may help to provide a large degree ofstability, especially in relation to lateral movements. Simultaneously,the pressure exerted by heel element 120 on the sensitive rear side ofthe heel, which is particularly susceptible to pressure marks orblisters, may thus be minimized. In other examples, heel element 120 mayalso have an elevated portion at the rear side of the heel and/or eachof the elevated portions 121 and 122 may also individually beimplemented as lower portions or comprise lower sections as needed.

Midsole 100 may also comprise a solid rim element 140 such as depictedin FIG. 1A. Solid rim element 140 may circulate along a rim of the topsurface of lattice structure 110, e.g. extending from a medial side ofbase portion 130 along the rim of the midfoot and forefoot as well astoe regions of the sole until a lateral side of base portion 130.Additionally or alternatively, solid rim element 140 may be providedsideways along the rim of lattice structure 110. Solid rim element 140may not be three-dimensionally shaped. Instead, it may be provided as aflat stripe with essentially identical thickness throughout its variousregions. Alternatively, solid rim element 140 may at least in part alsobe three-dimensionally shaped. For example, solid rim element 140 maycomprise a thicker cross-section at the lateral and/or medial sides ofthe midfoot region such that increased stability may be provided bysolid rim element 140, in these locations. Additionally oralternatively, solid rim element 140 may comprise a wedged cross-sectionat the lateral and/or medial sides of the midfoot region to provide agraded degree of stability, there. Also in other regions, solid rimelement 140 may be three-dimensionally shaped. Solid rim element 140, asdepicted in FIG. 1A, may not comprise a lattice structure, but insteadbe implemented as a continuous strip of material. In some examples,solid rim element 140 may increase the stability of sole 100 around itsrim. Alternatively or additionally, solid rim element 140 may serve as ameans for supporting the attachment of sole 100 to an upper.

The solid rim element 140 may comprise one or more perforations tocreate a transition between solid rim element 140 and lattice structure110. The perforations could be designed as holes cut into solid rimelement 140. The perforations may be integrally manufactured with thelattice structure 110 and may be negatives of lattice structure 100. Asexplained, the width and the thickness of the rim can vary in differentzones and/or regions.

Sole 100 may also comprise a solid front portion 150. Solid frontportion 150 may not comprise any lattice structure. Rather, it may beimplemented as a continuous element. It may be arranged at the front tipof sole 100. For example, it may extend from the front tip of the soletowards the rear side of sole 100 by a length of 3 mm to 25 mm, or 5 mmto 15 mm. It may extend from a top surface of sole 100 towards a bottomsurface of sole 100 and/or from the lateral side of sole 100 to themedial side of sole 100. Solid front portion may be provided to increasethe stability of sole 100 in the toe region, which is the last point ofcontact with ground during running and thus has to withstand largeforces, especially when accelerating or decelerating.

As shown in FIG. 1B, sole 100 may optionally also be provided with alower layer 160 which may be provided as a solid layer 160 and may notcomprise a lattice structure. Lower layer 160 may comprise openings,e.g. as will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A-C. Lower layer 160may be provided to control the amount of fluid, e.g. humidity and/or airthat may enter lattice structure 110. Moreover, it may increase thetorsional and bending stability of sole 100. Lower layer 160 may forexample be manufactured from a foil or sheet, or it may be integrallyfabricated with lattice structure 160. Lower layer 160 may be designedas an outsole.

An exemplary thickness profile of midsole 100, and in particular oflattice structure 110 is shown in the side view of FIG. 1C. Thethickness profile of lattice structure 110 may coarsely be divided intofour regions. In a forefoot region 171, which extends from the front tipof sole 100—or from the rear end of front portion 150, ifprovided—towards the beginning of the metatarsals, the thickness of thelattice structure may increase towards the rear side of sole 100. Forexample, the thickness may increase from 2 mm-10 mm, e.g. 3 mm-8 mm, orapproximately 5 mm, to 5 mm-20 mm, e.g. 7 mm-15 mm, or approximately 10mm. Additionally or alternatively, sole 100 may be slightly inclinedupwards in forefoot region 171, e.g. in order to follow the anatomy of ahuman foot. The thickness may further increase towards the rear side ofsole 100 within a midfoot region 172. Midfoot region 172 may be adjacentto forefoot region 171 and extend to the beginning of heel region 173.The thickness of lattice structure 110 may increase to 10 mm-40 mm, e.g.15 mm-30 mm, or approximately 25 mm. The reduced thickness of latticestructure 110 in forefoot region 171 and in midfoot region 172 mayassist the rolling motion of the foot in these regions. In heel region173, the thickness of lattice structure 110 may be approximatelyconstant. The increased thickness of lattice structure 110 in heelregion 173 may reflect the fact that most of a wearer's weight issupported in this region, and it may contribute to limit the degree ofvertical deformation of sole in this region. In a rear region 174, thethickness of the lattice structure may reduce slightly, e.g. to 8 mm-35mm, e.g. 10 mm-30 mm, e.g. approximately 20 mm. The reduced thickness inrear region 174 may support the rolling motion of the heel whencontacting the ground, e.g. during running. In other examples, however,the thickness may remain constant also in rear region 174.

Sole 100, and/or its lattice structure 110, and/or its heel element 120,and/or its base portion 130, and/or its solid rim element 140, and/orits front portion 150, and/or its lower layer 160 may all be integrallyfabricated using additive manufacturing. As an example, laser sintering,e.g. selective laser sintering or more generally 3D-printing may be usedto manufacture sole 100. Generally, polymer materials may be used asbase materials. For example, TPU (e.g. TPU available under thecommercial name Desmosint X92A-1) or PEBA (e.g., PEBA available underthe commercial name Evonik Vestosint x2611 SoftTouch) may be used, andthey have shown to provide good stability and longevity. Also reclaimedpolymer material, for example reclaimed from an ocean may similarly beused.

Concerning lattice structure 110, it may be formed by a plurality ofstruts arranged to form a plurality of cell elements 191. The geometryof the respective struts (e.g. thickness, length etc.) may be modifiedto alter the geometry of the respective cell elements. The cell elements191 may be arranged at regular cell sites. The thickness of the strutsmay range from 0.5 mm to 4 mm, and may comprise e.g. approximately 1.2mm to 1.6 mm or approximately 1.8 mm to 2.2 mm. The struts may have auniform thickness throughout the lattice structure. Alternatively, localthickenings may be provided, e.g. at the intersections of the variousstruts, as exemplarily shown in the example of FIG. 1C. In someexamples, also struts with different thicknesses or struts with varyingthickness may be used. Typical weights of a midsole such as depicted inFIGS. 1A-C for standard sizes (e.g. European shoe sizes 40-45) rangewithin 80 g and 200 g depending on the exact geometry of the latticestructure as well as the presence and design of possible furthercomponents of the sole as explained above.

Each cell element 191 may have a nucleus, which may be formedapproximately at the center of each cell element 191. The nucleus may becreated by the intersection of several struts of a cell element 191. Asmentioned, the struts may be thickened, e.g. at the intersections, suchthat a more pronounced nucleus may be provided. For example, thestability of lattice structure 110 may thus be increased. In otherexamples, nuclei may be provided in a different manner, as alreadyexplained. For example, a more complex structure may be providedapproximately at the center of a cell element, e.g. as described withreference to FIG. 4.

In addition, or alternatively to the various items of sole 100, latticestructure 110 may generally also be provided with other items. Forexample, various design elements, e.g. stripes, may be integrallyfabricated with lattice structure 110. Additionally or alternatively,also further functional elements, e.g., lace loops, may be integrallymanufactured by additive manufacturing together with lattice structure110. For example, 360° lace loops may be provided which include one ormore tubes penetrating the lattice structure e.g. from its medial sideto its lateral side. Moreover, stability elements, e.g. medial and/orlateral side stability elements, torsional stability elements, one ormore fluid channels, etc., may be integrally fabricated with latticestructure 110. Moreover, elements for opening closing the shoe withwhich sole 100 is intended to be used may be integrally provided withlattice structure 110. For example, snap-fit or snap-fasten elements maybe provided for that matter.

Further additionally or alternatively, lattice structure 100 may beprovided with a sideways layer that may extend at least partly aroundthe periphery of the midsole and/or the lattice structure. The sidewayslayer may be adapted to provide a nice hand feel of the midsole,optionally without camouflaging the lattice structure. For example, asideways layer may be implemented as a foil or other thin layer with alattice-like surface following the design of the lattice structure. Itmay also be integrally manufactured with the lattice structure. It mayalso serve for controlling fluid flow into the lattice structure fromthe sides, and e.g. have corresponding openings. The sideways layer mayalso prevent dirt or dust from entering the midsole from the sides.

A variety of tests have been performed with midsoles similar to thatshown in FIGS. 1A-C fabricated from PEBA or TPU, respectively. Thesetests show that the midsoles have suitable mechanical properties underspecific processing conditions and provide longevity as required forhigh quality shoes, e.g. running shoes.

Torsion Test

A torsion around the longitudinal axis of the midsoles by 5° was appliedand the required bending moment was recorded (measurement of torsionalstability). The PEBA midsoles exhibit a bending moment in the range ofapproximately 0.9 Nm to 1.9 Nm, e.g. about 1.4 Nm, for eversion(rotation of the bottom surface of the midsole in lateral direction)with respect to the forefoot. For inversion (rotation of the bottomsurface of the midsole in medial direction) with respect to theforefoot, the bending moment is in the range of approximately 0.3 Nm to1.3 Nm, e.g. about 0.8 Nm. For the TPU midsoles the bending moments arein the range of approximately 0.2 Nm to 1.2 Nm, e.g. about 0.6 Nm orabout 0.8 Nm, for inversion, and approximately 0.2 Nm to 1.2 Nm, e.g.about 0.6 Nm or about 0.7 Nm, for eversion.

Forefoot Flex Test

Moreover, a vertical displacement with an indentor having a diameter of15 mm was applied to a forefoot region of the midsoles and the forcerequired to achieve a certain displacement was recorded (measurement offorefoot bending stiffness). The force was applied in a standardthree-point bend test, wherein the force was applied approximatelycentered between two supports arranged at a distance of 80 mm betweeneach other. The forces required for a certain displacement of theforefoot region are an approximately linear function of the displacementfor the midsoles. For the PEBA midsoles, a force of approximately 100 Nto 200 N, e.g. 150 N to 170 N, is required to achieve a displacement of10 mm. For the TPU midsoles, a force of approximately 55 N to 145 N,e.g. 75 N to 95 N or 110 N to 130 N, is required for that purpose. Afterrepeating 100 thousand cycles (which simulates a distance of 280 km ranat a speed of 14 km/h), the required force reduced only by approximately10% to 15% e.g. 12% to 13% which is a significant improvement comparedto conventional EVA midsoles (approximately 17%). The amount of plasticdeformation after this large number of cycles is about 30%, comparableto common midsoles.

Midfoot Flex Test

In addition, a vertical displacement with an indentor having a diameterof 15 mm was applied to a midfoot region of the midsoles and the forcerequired to achieve a certain displacement was recorded (measurement ofmidfoot bending stiffness). The force was applied in a standardthree-point bend test, wherein the force was applied approximatelycentered between two supports arranged at a distance of 80 mm betweeneach other. The forces required for a certain displacement of themidfoot region are an approximately linear function of the displacementfor the midsoles. For the PEBA midsoles, a force of approximately 240 Nto 340 N, e.g. 280 N to 300 N, is required to achieve a displacement of10 mm. For the TPU midsoles, a force of approximately 100 N to 300 N,e.g. 135 N to 155 N or 220 N to 240 N, is required. The midfoot bendingstiffness is thus higher than the forefoot bending stiffness.

Long-Term Cushioning Test

Further, the elastic displacement range when applying and releasing avertical force of 1800 N to the heel region of the midsoles was measuredafter 100 thousand cycles (measurement of long-term cushioning). For thePEBA midsoles the displacement range is 1 mm-11 mm, e.g. 2 mm-5 mm, andfor TPU midsoles the range is 3 mm-13 mm, e.g. 6 mm-10 mm. The plasticdeformation present in the midsoles after 100 thousand cycles iscomparable to that in conventional EVA midsoles. Specifically the PEBAmidsoles, however, showed a higher amount of energy return.

Similarly, the long-term cushioning in the forefoot region was measuredby applying a vertical force of 2000 N after 100 thousand cycles. Thedisplacement range for the midsoles is of 1 mm-8 mm, e.g. 2.5 mm-5 mm.The plastic deformation after 100 thousand cycles is again similar tothat in common EVA midsoles.

Short-Term Cushioning Test

The short-term cushioning in the rear region was measured by applying adisplacement of 14 mm to the rear region located on a ground plane withan inclination of 30°. The necessary forces are in the range of 100 N to1000 N, e.g. in the range of 150 N to 400N or in the range of 550 N to800 N. After 100 thousand cycles, a plastic deformation of about 20% to30% is observed.

In summary, midsole 100 may be additively manufactured in an integralmanner and may provide sufficient cushioning and flexibility as well aslongevity to be suitable, e.g. for high performance running shoes.

FIGS. 2A-C show perspective, side and bottom views, respectively, of afurther example for a midsole 200 according to the present invention.Similarly as midsole 100, midsole 200 may comprise a lattice structure210 with a plurality of cell elements 291, a heel element 220, a baseportion 230, a solid rim element 240, a front portion 250, as well as alower layer 260. Said items may generally be implemented and fabricatedsimilarly as already explained with respect to FIGS. 1A-C. Moreover,midsole 200 may also comprise further elements, e.g. as described withreference to midsole 100.

As can be seen from FIG. 2A, a main difference between sole 100 and sole200 is the design of the heel elements 120 and 220, respectively. Heelelement 220 has a relatively constant height at the rear side of theheel as well as at the lateral and medial sides of the heel adjacent tothe rear side. The height of heel element 220 is only reduced at itsends, both at the medial and laterals sides. Heel element 220 isnevertheless three-dimensionally formed since its cross-sectionincreases from its top towards its bottom such that a relatively thickcross-section is provided at the interface towards base portion 230 thatconnects heel element 230 to lattice structure 210.

The thickness of lattice structure 210 may vary in regions 271-274similarly as already explained with reference to regions 171-174 of sole100. In addition, lattice structure 210 of sole 200 may have anincreased thickness at the lateral side of the front region 271 and/orthe lateral side of the midfoot region 272 such as to provide increasedstability, there. This can be seen e.g. in the side view of sole 200 inFIG. 2B. Generally, the thickness profile as well as the entire geometryof sole 200 and in particular of lattice structure 210 may be adapted tothe needs of the individual wearer, and/or the individual anatomy ofhis/her foot, and/or the intended use of sole 100.

FIG. 2C shows a bottom view of sole 200, which allows discerningpossible details of lower layer 260. As can be seen in FIG. 2C, lowerlayer 260 may be provided as a solid layer with a variety of openings261. Openings 261 may vary in size and may be adapted to the ventingneeds in different regions of the sole, or of the customer, or to thetype of shoe with which sole 200 is intended to be used. Notably,openings 261 may be arranged along a number of lines 262. In the exampleof FIG. 2C, a number of five lines is provided. The lines may beundulated. However, in other examples a different number of lines, whichmay or may not be undulating, may be provided. The lines 262 as well asthe size of the openings may be arranged such that lower layer 260provides different degrees of stiffness in various regions. For example,in the sensitive region 275 below the arch of the foot, the openings arerelatively small such that some venting is provided but the solid lowerlayer 260 also provides a large degree of torsional stability, there.Moreover, also the bending stiffness is reduced in region 275 below thearch of the foot to provide increased stability. The relatively largeopenings 261 in the forefoot and heel regions 272, 273 of sole 200reduce the bending stiffness, there, such that the rolling motion of thefoot is not hindered. In toe region 271 and rear region 274, the size ofthe openings may again be reduced in order to provide increasedstability, there. Seen from a different perspective, the lines indicatedwith reference signs 262 may be considered as separating individualstruts provided by the lower layer 260 that extend from the rear sidepossibly all the way to the front side of sole 200 such that torsion mayefficiently be reduced. The positioning and shape of the lines 262 mayalso be adapted to counteract pronation or supination as needed for theindividual wearer.

FIG. 2D shows a bottom view of a sole 201 similar to sole 200 shown inFIGS. 2A-D, wherein a torsional stability element 280 is integrallyfabricated with lattice structure 210. The torsional stability element280 may for example be provided as one or more struts with lateraldimensions of 1 mm to 40 mm, or 2 mm to 20 mm. A height of torsionalstability element 280 may be similar. Torsional stability element 280may extend at least from a heel region to a midfoot region. It may beapproximately centered in lateral direction. An optional lower layer oflattice structure 201 may have an opening to make torsional element 280visible, at least partly. The exact design and position of the torsionalstability element 280 may be adjusted, e.g. as required by theindividual wearer. It is also possible that the torsional stabilityelement 280 is fabricated separately and attached to the latticestructure 210 later on.

FIGS. 3A-B shows a further example for a midsole 300 according to thepresent invention. Midsole 300 comprises a lattice structure 310, a heelelement 320 and a base portion 330. These items, and possible furtheritems, may be implemented and fabricated e.g. as already explained withreference to FIGS. 1A-C and FIGS. 2A-C. In particular, lattice structure310 may comprise a plurality of regularly arranged cell sites 390. Forexample, regularly arranged cell sites 390 may be provided in a heelregion and/or a rear region and/or in other regions of lattice structure300. A majority of the cell sites 390 within each such region maycomprise interconnected cell elements 392. For example, in the examplelattice structure 310, a majority of cell sites 390 in the rear regionas well as the heel region, the midfoot, forefoot and toe regionscomprises interconnected cell elements 392. Lattice structure 310 alsocomprises a subset of cell sites 390 with cell elements 391 comprisingcell vacancies, which is arranged within one or more zones 380. A zone380 may for example be arranged at a rear side of lattice structure 310,and in particular at an edge of the rear side adjacent to base portion330. Additionally or alternatively, one or more zones 380 may also bearranged at other locations of lattice structure 310. Moreover, alsozones 380, which comprise cell elements with fewer connections to atleast one adjacent cell site than the majority of the cell sites, may beprovided.

FIG. 3B shows a close-up view of the zone 380 depicted in FIG. 3A. Theplurality of cell sites 390 of lattice structure 310 is indicated bydashed diamonds. A majority of the cell sites 390 comprises cellelements 392 that may each have a nucleus and four connecting elementsproviding connections to respective adjacent cell elements 392. The cellelements 392 may be formed by a plurality of struts. The struts mayinterconnect to each other approximately at the center of each cell site390 and they may optionally be thickened, there. The struts may thusform a nucleus approximately at the center of each cell element 392,which, in the example of FIG. 3B, coincides with the center of each cellsite 390. The portions of the struts outside of the nucleus form theconnecting elements of each cell element providing the connections tothe respective adjacent cell sites 390.

In zone 380, which is arranged adjacent to base portion 330, there arecell sites 390, which comprise a cell element 391 with a cell vacancy(emphasized by solid circles). For example, the struts of a cell element391 may be arranged such that they do not interconnect to each other. Nonucleus may be provided in these cell elements 391. In other words, bymeans of cell elements 391, cell vacancies may be intentionallyprovided. This is the case in both exemplary cell elements 391 shown inFIG. 3B. In other examples, a nucleus may at least partially be providedby a cell element 391. For example, at least some of the struts mayinterconnect to each other. Additionally or alternatively, connectionelements of a cell element 391 (e.g. portions of struts) may be missing,or may comprise one or more gaps, such that cell disconnections to atleast one adjacent cell are provided. Hence, less connections to atleast one adjacent cell may be provided by such a cell element 391compared to cell elements 392 which are present in a majority of cellsites 390.

In the example of sole 300, cell sites 390 are provided in rows, whereinthe cell sites 390 with cell vacancies are arranged in that row which isadjacent to base portion 330. Specifically, every second cell site 390in that row is implemented with a cell vacancy. In other examples, cellsites with vacancies may be arranged differently. In particular, onlyevery third cell site in a specific row may be implemented with avacancy or cell sites with vacancies may be dispersed even more scarcelyand/or with a varying density. In addition or alternatively, cell sitesin rows other than that adjacent to base portion 330 may be providedwith vacancies, e.g. a second, third, etc. row. Moreover, it isunderstood that cell sites with vacancies need not be arranged accordingto rows, and generally also cell sites in general need not be arrangedin rows. In some examples—additionally or alternatively to cell siteswith vacancies—cell sites with cell elements may be provided, whereinthe cell elements comprise fewer connections to at least one adjacentcell site than the majority of the cell sites. For example, instead ofcell sites 390 with cell elements 391 with vacancies in the example ofFIG. 3B, it would be possible to provide cell sites with cell elementshaving only three, two or a single connection with adjacent cellelements, e.g. by providing only three, two or a single strut at such acell element, or correspondingly only three, two or a single strutwithout any gap.

Zone 380 may provide a smooth transition from base portion 330 tolattice structure 310, which may also provide an aesthetic outerappearance) and may create a less abrupt change from the solid materialof base portion 330 to lattice structure 310. Hence, strains of latticestructure 310, in particular of struts of lattice structure 310, may bereduced. Zone 380 enables the creation of a gradient from solid baseportion 330 to lattice structure 310. The cell vacancies (or reducednumber of interconnections) provided by cell elements 391 allow toselectively reduce the stiffness provided by the lattice structure 310at specific cell sites 390. This may allow for a smoother force transferfrom base portion 330 to lattice structure 310 such that latticestructure 310 may break less easily.

In some examples, a graded degree of stability may be provided in atransition zone, e.g. on a rear side of lattice structure 310, at thatedge of lattice structure 310 that faces base portion 330. For example,the density of cell sites 390 with vacancies (or a reduced number ofconnections to at least one adjacent cell site) provided by cellelements 391 may increase through such a transition zone such that agraded degree of stability may be provided in the transition zonebetween lattice structure 310 and base portion 330. For example, thestability may decrease closer towards the base portion 330. In someexamples, also the number of connections to adjacent cell sites 390provided by cell elements 391 may be reduced along a transition zone.For example, three interconnections may be provided at cell sites 390farther away from base portion 330, whereas only two or one connectionsmay be provided at cell sites 390 closer to base portion 330. It isnoted that a transition zone and or a zone 380 may be provided in thementioned regions of the respective lattice structure irrespective ofthe optional presence of a heel element.

It is noted that for ease of illustration, in FIG. 3B a cell site 390comprises only four connections to adjacent cell sites 390, which arearranged within the same plane. In other examples, a different number,in particular a larger number of connections may be provided, and theconnections of a cell site with its adjacent cell sites may also bearranged such that they do not all lie within the same plane. Forexample, a majority of cell sites may comprise cell elements with eightinterconnections to adjacent cell sites, whereas cell sites of a subsetmay comprise cell elements with only seven or less interconnections toadjacent cell sites (and/or cell vacancies may be provided at cell sitesof the subset). Moreover, it is understood that also soles 100 and 200may comprise one or more zones as explained with reference to sole 300.

FIG. 4 shows a further example for a lattice structure 400 for a soleaccording to the present invention. Generally, lattice structure 400 maybe implemented and fabricated as explained with reference to theprevious figures. Lattice structure 400 comprises a forefoot portion471, a metatarsal region 472, a region under the arch of the foot 473,and a rear region 474. As can be seen, lattice structure 400 comprises aplurality of cell sites 490. In the rear region 474, three layers ofcell sites 490 are provided. A front portion of region 473 comprises twolayers whereas a rear portion of region 473 also comprises three layers.In the metatarsal region 472, two layers of cell sites 490 are provided.The forefoot region 471 comprises three layers, which, however, do notextend across the entire forefoot region 471. For example, the top layeris only arranged in a front portion of forefoot region 471, whereas thebottom layer is only arranged in a rear portion of forefoot region 471.The cell sites are arranged equidistantly in the example of FIG. 4 suchthat a different number of layers leads to a different thickness. Inother examples, other numbers of layer may be provided in the variousregions.

Moreover, the properties of one or more layers may vary. For example, athickness of a layer may increase or decrease within a certain region ormay be different in different regions, e.g. in order to provide athickness profile, for example such as explained with reference to FIGS.1A-C. In some examples, cell sites 490 may be arranged at least in partsuch that these are not equidistant. This may allow controlling thethickness of lattice structure 400 independently from the numbers oflayers, as well as the properties provided by a continuous layer indifferent regions.

Cell sites 490 in regions 471 and 473 each comprise a cell element 492.Cell elements 492 may generally be provided by a plurality of struts(bar-like or tube-like elements). For example, a plurality of struts maybe arranged to form a dodecahedron (e.g. rhombic), a tetrahedron, anicosahedron, a cube, a cuboid, a prism, a parallelepiped etc. This basicgeometric design and its interior may be considered as the nucleus 492 aof each cell element 492. Further, additional struts or additionalportions of struts may be provided to form connections with respectiveadjacent cell elements. For example, eight connections may be providedby cell element 492. In other examples, four, six, eight, twelve or anyother number of connections may be provided. The volume occupied by asingle cell site or a single cell element may be 3 mm³-30 mm³, 5 mm³-20mm³, 7 mm³-15 mm³, or 8 mm³-12 mm³.

Cell sites 490 in region 472 comprise cell elements 491. These may besimilar to cell elements 492. However, the thickness of their struts maybe reduced with respect to those of cell elements 491. In particular,their thickness may be reduced by approximately 75-85%, e.g. 80%.Similarly, rear region 474 may comprise cell elements 493 with a strutthickness, which is increased by approximately 115-125%, e.g. 120%.Hence, the density and therefore also the weight, stiffness andcushioning provided by lattice structure 400 in its various regions maybe varied. Density variations in the range of −20% to +20% have turnedout to allow for significant variations and at the same time for ahomogenous feel and sufficient longevity of lattice structure 400.

In general, lattice structure 400 may be divided into any number ofdifferent regions as needed, and in particular, as specified for eachindividual wearer. For example, a three-dimensional scan of a foot maybe performed and the arrangement of cell sites 490 and the grouping ofthese cell sites 490 into different regions may be carried outcorrespondingly. The design of the regions and their cell elements maytake into account the anatomy of the wearer, e.g. his/her weight,whether he/she tends to pronate or supinate etc. Further, the design ofthe regions, as well as of the cell elements within each region may beadapted according to the specific type of sports the sole is to be usedfor. For example, the lattice structure may specifically be adapted toprovide lateral stability for lateral sports, such as e.g. basketball.As a result, lattice structure 400 may be customized as needed.Moreover, the lattice structure may be adapted for different shoe sizessuch that—irrespective of the size of the shoe—the same mechanicalproperties may be provided by the lattice structure.

Lattice structure 400 may also be provided with one or more items asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1A-C and FIGS. 2A-C as well as withaspects described with reference to FIGS. 3A-B. It is noted that alsothe lattice structures 110, 210 and 310 may generally be provided withaspects described with reference to lattices structure 400.

FIG. 5 shows an example for an additively manufactured lattice structure500 with a receptacle 501 according to the present invention. Latticestructure 500 comprises a plurality of cell sites that may be adaptede.g. as described with reference to the previous figures. In particular,lattice structure 500 may be integrally fabricated by additivemanufacturing.

Lattice structure 500 may comprise one or more receptacles 501. One ormore functional elements that may be fabricated separately from latticestructure 500, e.g. by additive manufacturing or any other manufacturingmethod, and that may be mechanically attached to one or more receptacles501. A receptacle 501 may comprise a joint 502 around which a flapelement 503 may be rotated. Flap element 503, in particular a surface offlap element 503 facing a main portion of lattice structure 500, maycomprise one or more snap-fit and/or snap-fasten elements 504. Snap-fitand/or snap-fasten elements 504 may snap into one or more correspondingsnap-fit and/or snap-fasten elements 505 that may be arranged at asurface of the main portion of lattice structure 500 facing flap element503. Flap element 503 may also be connected to the main portion oflattice structure 500 without a joint 502.

Although not shown in FIG. 5, one or more receptacles 501 may forexample be used to mechanically attach a torsional stability element tothe lattice structure 500. Hence, such separately fabricated functionalelements may be safely attached to lattice structure 500 mechanically,e.g. without using any glue or adhesive. Hence, the integrity of latticestructure 500 may not be compromised by adhesive or glue entering thelattice structure 500 while gluing separate elements to it. Instead,separate elements may be mechanically attached as needed. For example,snap-fit or snap-fasten elements 505, 504 may be adapted to allow areleasable attachment such that the functional elements attached to thereceptacle may be interchanged, e.g. by the wearer, as needed.

Lattice structure 500 may be fabricated using similar methods andmaterials as described with reference to the previous figures. Finally,it is noted that also lattice structures 110, 210, 310 and 400 describedwith respect to the previous figures may be combined with one or morereceptacles and the related aspects described with reference to FIG. 5.

FIGS. 6A-D show an example for a separately manufactured functionalelement 600. Functional element 600 may be fabricated by additivemanufacturing or any other manufacturing method. Functional element 600may be mechanically attached to a midsole 610 as shown in FIG. 6C.Midsole 610 may be designed as any of the midsoles described herein andmay comprise in particular comprise a lattice structure 110, 210, 310,500 as described. Alternatively, the midsole 610 could also be designedas a solid midsole, e.g. made of EVA, TPU or the like. In the exampleaccording to FIGS. 6A-D, the functional element 600 itself comprises oneor more receptacles 608. A receptacle 608 may comprises a joint 602around which a flap element 603 may be rotated.

FIG. 6A shows the functional element 600 with the flap element 603 in aclosed position. FIG. 6B and FIG. 6D show the flap element 603 in anopen position. FIG. 6C shows the functional element 600 attached to themidsole 610. In the attached positon according to FIG. 6C, the flapelement 603, in particular a surface of flap element 603 faces andattaches to midsole 610. In FIG. 6C, a possible lattice structure of themidsole 610 is not shown for the sake of simplicity. The flap element603 may comprise one or more snap-fit or snap-fasten elements 604 whichmay snap into one or more corresponding snap-fit or snap fasten elementsthat may be arranged at a surface of midsole 610, in particular of thelattice structure of midsole 610, facing flap element 603 in theattached position. Flap element 603 may also be attached to the midsole610 without a joint 602.

The functional element shown in FIGS. 6A-D may be used to provide one ormore lace loops 605, one or more heel elements 606, one or more lateralsupport elements 607 or other elements to support an upper of a shoe.

FIGS. 7A-B show a further example for a sole 700 according to thepresent invention which may be implemented as a midsole. Sole 700 maycomprise a lattice structure 710, as well as a heel element 720, and/ora lower layer 760. These items may be provided as explained in otherexamples. Moreover, sole 700 may comprise further items, as describedherein, which are not shown in FIGS. 7A-B for sake of simplicity.

Sole 700 may comprise one or more openings 761. Openings 761 may bearranged at a bottom surface of lattice structure 710, e.g. to provideair permeability. Openings 761 may be designed as openings in lowerlayer 760 of lattice structure, but may also be designed differently.

Sole 700 comprises one or more moveable elements 750. The movableelements may be arranged, at least partly, at a bottom side of the sole700. For example, moveable elements 750 may be provided to cover one ormore of openings 761, when in a first position (cf. FIG. 7B). Moveableelements 750 may be moved, e.g. by the wearer, into at least one secondposition (cf. FIG. 7A), in which these are at least partly removed fromone or more of openings 761. The first position may be within a midfootregion. The moveable elements 750 may be moved by a lever 751, moregenerally a moveable control element 751, which may be moved from afirst position into at least one second position such that the moveableelements 750 are brought from the first position to the at least onesecond position. The moveable control element may be provided at amedial, lateral, front, and/or rear side of sole 700 such that a wearercan conveniently access it. By moving the moveable elements 750, thebreathability of sole 700 may be altered. Hence, sole 700 may berepeatedly adjusted by the wearer as needed.

It is noted that moveable elements 750 may also be provided withoutopenings 761. For example, moveable elements may be moved from a firstposition, in which these cover a larger area into a second position inwhich cover a smaller area, e.g. they may at least partially overlap inthe second position. Moreover, other control elements than moveablecontrol element 751 may be provided, e.g. by means of a push-button etc.

By means of one or more moveable elements 750, the breathability of thesole 700, e.g. at its bottom surface, may be reproducibly altered, forexample between two or more levels, or continuously. For example, abreathability in a midfoot region may thus be modified.

FIG. 8 shows a portion of a further example for a lattice structure 800that may be used with the aspects disclosed herein. Lattice structure800 comprises a plurality of cell elements and may generally be designedas the lattice structures explained heretofore. It may in particularcomprise optional aspects of the lattice structures explainedheretofore. FIG. 8 specifically serves to illustrate that generally thedensity of the lattice structure may be varied in different zones of thelattice structure and/or zones of the sole, respectively.

Lattice structure 800 comprises a zone 820 with an average density thatis above that of lattice structure 800. Zone 820 may be arrangedadjacent to top surface 802 of lattice structure 800.

Optionally, a zone 810 of lattice structure 810 may be provided with anaverage density that is below an average density of lattice structure800, and zone 810 may be arranged adjacent to bottom surface 801 oflattice structure 800. In other examples zone 810 and/or zone 820 may bearranged differently.

In some examples, lattice structure 800 comprises a plurality of layers,and zone 820 may comprise one or more highest layer of lattice structure800. Optional zone 810 may correspondingly comprise one or more lowestlayer of lattice structure 800. In some examples, zone 820 (and/oroptional zone 810) may extend essentially along the entire top surface820 (and/or bottom surface 802, respectively) of sole 800.

In some examples, zone 820 (and/or optional zone 820) is arranged alongthe perimeter of sole 800, e.g. circumscribing a heel region of sole 800or entire sole 800. Zone 820 arranged along the perimeter of sole 800may help to provide selectively increased stability in this region. Forexample, when sole 800 is combined with a rim element for attachment toan upper, zone 820 may help to provide a smooth transition between the(typically solid) upper and the (typically) more refined latticestructure 800. The forces may be gradually guided into the interior aswell as lower part of the lattice structure 800 around its perimeter bymeans of denser, e.g. stronger, zone, such that the risk of breakage isreduced.

Lattice structure 800 may comprise a plurality of struts, which form aplurality of cell elements. The struts may generally comprise localthickenings at the interconnections of different struts with each other.Moreover, the thickness of the struts may vary within lattice structure800. The thickness of the struts may generally increase from bottomsurface 801 of lattice structure 800 towards top surface 802 of latticestructure 800.

Zone 820 may comprise struts with an average thickness that is increasedcompared to an average strut thickness of lattice structure 800.Optional zone 810 may comprise struts with an average thickness that isreduced compared to an average strut thickness of lattice structure 800.For example, the average thickness of zone 820 may be increased by 10%to 500%, or by 20% to 400%, or by 30% to 300% with respect to an averagethickness of the lattice structure. In other examples, other ranges maybe used. The average thickness of zone 810 may be correspondinglyreduced.

FIG. 9 shows a further embodiment of a sole 900 according to the presentinvention. It may comprise a midsole with a lattice structure 910, and aheel element, which may all be generally designed as explainedheretofore. Moreover, sole 900 may comprise an outsole 950, which may beintegrally fabricated together with lattice structure 910 or fabricatedseparately. Sole 900 may further comprise any further items as describedherein.

Specifically, sole 900 may be designed such as to provide a plurality ofregions with different functionality. For example, lattice structure 910may be adapted to provide optimized cushioning properties particularlyin a toe region 942 and in region 941, which comprises a midfoot regionand also extends around the periphery of the heel region. Latticestructure 910 may moreover be optimized for providing high energy returnin a forefoot region 921 as well as in a central heel region 922. Amedial region 930 of lattice structure as well as the heel elementthree-dimensionally encompassing the heel may be adapted to provideoptimized stability of sole 900. Moreover, outsole 950 may be providedsuch that the traction provided by sole 900 is optimized. In otherexamples, the various regions may be arranged differently and/or otherregions may be provided.

Lattice structure 910 may be designed differently in various aspects, asexplained herein, in different regions, e.g. regions 921, 922, 930, 941,942, such that different properties are provided there. The sole may beoptimized as needed in these regions. In particular, differentproperties may e.g. be provided by cell sites (or corresponding cellelements) with cell disconnections and/or cell vacancies, and/or byusing varying geometries of the cell elements at the cell sites

What is claimed is:
 1. An additively manufactured sole for a sportsshoe, comprising: a lattice structure comprising a plurality of cellsites defined by a first subset of cell elements and a second subset ofcell elements; a heel element; and a base portion connecting the heelelement to the lattice structure, wherein each cell element of the firstsubset of cell elements comprises a first plurality of connectingelements connected to one another at a nucleus; and wherein each cellelement of the second subset of cell elements comprises a secondplurality of connecting elements, wherein one or more connectingelements of the second plurality of connecting elements are notconnected at a nucleus.
 2. The sole of claim 1, wherein at least onecell element of the second subset of cell elements is arranged at asurface of the lattice structure.
 3. The sole of claim 1, wherein atleast one cell element of the second subset of cell elements is arrangedin a heel region of the sole.
 4. The sole of claim 1, wherein each cellelement of the second subset of cell elements is connected to a cellelement of the first subset of cell elements.
 5. The sole of claim 1,wherein each of the plurality of cell sites comprises the same geometry.6. The sole of claim 1, wherein each of the first plurality ofconnecting elements comprises a strut.
 7. The sole of claim 1, whereineach of the first plurality of connecting elements comprises athickness, and wherein the thickness increases at the nucleus.
 8. Anadditively manufactured sole, comprising: a lattice structure comprisinga plurality of cell sites defined by a first subset of cell elements anda second subset of cell elements; a heel element; and a base portionconnecting the heel element to the lattice structure, wherein each ofthe first subset of cell elements comprises a nucleus and a first numberof connecting elements extending from the nucleus; and wherein each ofthe second subset of cell elements comprises a nucleus and a secondnumber of connecting elements extending from the nucleus, wherein thesecond number of connecting elements is less than the first number ofconnecting elements.
 9. The sole of claim 8, wherein the connectingelements extending from the nucleus of the cell elements of the firstsubset of cell elements are struts.
 10. The sole of claim 8, wherein thenucleus each of the first and second subsets of cell elements isarranged at a center of a cell site.
 11. The sole of claim 8, whereineach of the cell elements of the first subset of cell elements has afirst shape, and wherein each of the cell elements of the second subsetof cell elements has a second shape, and wherein the first shape is thesame as the second shape.
 12. The sole of claim 8, wherein each cellelement of the first subset of cell elements comprises a dodecahedron.13. The sole of claim 8, wherein the first number of connecting elementsis eight.
 14. The sole of claim 8, wherein the second number ofconnecting elements comprises one to three connecting elements.
 15. Ashoe, comprising: an upper; and a midsole connected to the upper,wherein the midsole comprises: a lattice structure comprising aplurality of cell sites defined by a first subset of cell elements and asecond subset of cell elements, a heel element; and a base portionconnecting the heel element to the lattice structure, wherein each cellelement of the first subset of cell elements comprises a first pluralityof connecting elements connected to one another at a nucleus, andwherein each cell element of the second subset of cell elementscomprises a second plurality of connecting elements, wherein one or moreof the second plurality of connecting elements are not connected at anucleus.
 16. The shoe of claim 15, wherein the upper comprises a knitupper.
 17. The shoe of claim 16, wherein the knit upper comprises a yarncomprising a reclaimed polymer.
 18. The shoe of claim 15, wherein themidsole further comprises a solid rim element, and wherein the upper isconnected to the midsole at the solid rim element.
 19. The shoe of claim15, further comprising an outsole connected to the midsole.
 20. The shoeof claim 19, wherein the midsole and the outsole are integrallyadditively manufactured.